The
European College of Veterinary Internal Medicine – Companion Animals.
17 th
ECVIM-CA Congress & 9 th ESVCP Congress.
13 th
– 15 th September 2007 – Budapest –
Hungary.
Indirect oscillometric
blood pressure
in conscious
calves
Brăslaşu M.D., Brăslaşu
Daniela Elena, Brădăţan Cătălina,
Balint Emilia F.. Tirifon Eugenia
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Bucharest , Romania
Arterial blood
pressure measurements were obtained from 150 healthy calves using the
oscillometric technique to establish reference values for the specie.
Calves
with ages between 2-13 years old (5,77±5,61 years) were examined in standing
position. Arterial blood
pressure was measured from coccygeal vertebra. Systolic arterial
pressure value was 103,75 ± 1,68 mmHg. Diastolic arterial pressure was 56,48 ±
1,29 mmHg. Mean arterial pressure was
72,26 ± 1,37 mmHg.
There were
observed increases of arterial blood
pressure in following situations: food administration, defecation and
urination, and also in decubital state.
MATERIAL
AND METHOD
150 head of bovines from Holstein and Brown breeds,
1 to 10 years old, were examined while awake and in standing position.
The oscillometric method – OMRON R1 device- was used in order to establish the blood
pressure.
The sleeve of the device was fixed at the tail’s base with the sensor
situated ventrally on the coccygeal artery.
5-10 determinations were realized for each animal (systolic, diastolic
and pulse) and the arithmetic mean was calculated.
The mean arterial pressure was calculated based on the following
formula:
MBP = DBP + (SBP – DBP)/3.
MBP –mean arterial pressure
DBP –diastolic arterial pressure
SBP –systolic arterial pressure
Statistic interpretation was relied on the following parameters:
- arithmetic average x = ∑ x/n
- standard
deviation s = √s2
- variance s2 = n∑x2 – (∑x)2
n (
n-1)
- error
of the mean ∆x
= s/√n
- the
coefficient of variability V% = s/x ∙ 100.
Results
and debates
The aim of the
experiments was to establish:
A. the values of systolic, diastolic and medium arterial pressure in clinical healthy cows
B.
physiological variations of arterial pressure
depending on: animal position, different physiological states
C.
variations of arterial pressure depending on
age;
D. pathological
changes of arterial pressure – arterial hypertension.
A.
Values of arterial pressure in bovine
The values of arterial pressure (oscillometric method) are presented in
Table 1.
Table 1
The values of
arterial pressure in bovine
- oscillometric
method-
Statistical values
|
Systolic pressure
(mmHg)
|
Diastolic pressure
mm Hg
|
Mean arterial pressure
mm Hg
|
n =
|
150
|
150
|
150
|
Mean
|
103.75
|
56.48
|
72.26
|
Standard deviation
|
20.61
|
15.88
|
16.77
|
Variance
|
424.93
|
252.39
|
281.44
|
Mean error
|
1.68
|
1.29
|
1.37
|
Var. values
|
19.86
|
28.11
|
23.20
|
It can be inferred from the table above:
-
systolic pressure = 103.75± 1.68 mm Hg
-
diastolic pressure = 56.48 ± 1.29 mm Hg
-
mean arterial pressure = 72.26 ± 1.37 mm Hg
-
the variability index is medium in case of
systolic pressure and increased in the case of the two others values
-
it has been considered that the variance and
standard deviation have increased values because of the reduced number of
animals used to determine the arterial pressure and first of all, because of
the multiple physiological factors that influence the arterial pressure
A. Physiological
variations of arterial pressure
Increased values of arterial pressure were observed when the
determinations were realized on recumbent position animals (Table 2)
Table 2
Modification of
arterial pressure depending on animal position
Nr. crt.
|
Arterial pressure
- standing position -
|
Arterial pressure
- decubit -
|
Systolic pressure/Dyastolic pressure
mm Hg
|
Systolic pressure/Dyastolic pressure
mm Hg
|
|
1.
|
161.33/68
|
160/96
|
2.
|
99.4/60.3
|
132.7/84.7
|
3.
|
93.33/53.83
|
148.28/108
|
4.
|
95.2/49.4
|
155.33/98
|
5.
|
98.8/40
|
150/68
|
6.
|
70.85/35.42
|
120.14/74.42
|
It has been considered that the increasing values of systolic pressure
are due to the pressure of the rumen on the thoracic cavity, implicitly on the
heart and large vessels.
The increase of arterial pressure was also determined by:
-
the pulses caused by the noise of tractors
bringing the food;
-
defecation (ex. increase from 66/32,2 mm Hg to
69/36 mm Hg)
-
urination (ex. from 66/32.2 mm Hg to 87/51 mm
Hg).
The decrease of arterial pressure has been observed after parturition (ex:
from 90.57/43.42 to 74.62/41.37, in the first day after parturition)
A. Variations
of arterial pressure depending on age
If in human beings there is an
increase of arterial pressure simultaneously with the age, followed by a
decrease, in bovine, there are no significant variations depending on the age
of the animals– Figures 1-3.
.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
A.
Pathological changes of arterial pressure –
arterial hypertension
From the 150 examined cows, 6 animals presented arterial hypertension
(we could not establish the causes of the hypertension). The values are
presented in Table 3.
Table 3
Arterial
hypertension in cows
No.
|
Systolic pressure
mm Hg
|
Diastolic pressure
mm Hg
|
Mean arterial pressure
mm Hg
|
Age
(years)
|
1.
|
143.37
|
83
|
78,73
|
8
|
2.
|
161.33
|
68
|
88,93
|
8
|
3.
|
153.66
|
77,66
|
95,26
|
4
|
4.
|
186.6
|
110,2
|
52,33
|
5
|
5.
|
146.6
|
103,3
|
60,06
|
6
|
6.
|
177
|
116
|
61
|
6
|
The last 3 cows have had increased values of systolic and diastolic
arterial pressure, but mean arterial tension was in „physiological limits”.
Conclusions
1.
In bovine, the arterial pressure can be
determined using the oscillometric method, the animals undergoing this method
very well. The cows were examined while awake and in standing position.
2.
The values (mm Hg) were: systolic arterial
pressure=103.75 ± 1.68; diastolic arterial pressure=56.48 ± 1.29 and mean
arterial pressure= 72.26 ± 1.37.
3.
No significant variations related to animal age
have been detected.
4.
In case of determinations realized on recumbent
position animals there was an increase of arterial pressure, also noticed
during defecation, urination and stimuli which anteceded food administration.
The decrease of arterial pressure has been observed in the first day
post-partum.
5.
6 cases of arterial hypertension have been
observed.
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